Insulin resistance is a pathological condition associated with the inability of target tissues to insulin response. BAY leaf (Eugenia polyantha Wight) extract has been used for the treatment of insulin-resistant type-2 diabetes mellitus (IRDM), but it has low solubility and bioavailability. To overcome these problems, chloroform extract of BAY LEAVES was formulated into a self-micro emulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) using virgin coconut oil (VCO) as a carrier oil. This study aims to generate a micro-herbal medicine and to determine the effect of a micro-herbal, derived from BAY LEAVES, as an anti-IRDM agent. Homogeneous formulations were evaluated for extract loading, emulsification time, size, size distribution, and the polydispersity index of the nano-emulsion droplets. In addition, their anti-IRDM activities were investigated on insulin-resistant rats using extracts, SMEDDS, metformin, negative control, and normal groups. Each group consisted of five randomly selected male Wistar rats. Blood cholesterol levels were measured at 0, 80, and 95 days. Data were analyzed by using ANOVA. The results showed that the optimum SMEDDS formula was tween 80: PEG 400: VCO (48%: 32%: 20%) in a total volume of 5 mL. It has less than 1-minute emulsification time with an average 141. 4 μ m of droplet size and 0. 254 of polydispersity index. Morphological observation revealed that the microemulsion particles were spherical and stable in a variety of pH media. The hypoglycemic effects of singledose metformin, SMEDDS, and the combination of a half dose of SMEEDS with metformin were 28. 3%, 15. 6%, and 34. 6%, respectively. The combination of a half dose of SMEDDS (91. 75 mg/kg BW) and a half dose of metformin (22. 5 mg/kg BW) provides the best anti-diabetic activity of BAY LEAVES micro-herbal.

Marine plants are good source of natural antioxidant compounds. Mangroves are a group of salt-tolerant marine plants of intertidal areas with numerous medicinal properties. In the present study, phytochemical analysis (steroids, alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids and tannins) and antioxidant properties (total phenolic content, DPPH free radical scavenging activity, reduction power and metal chelating activity) of methanolic extract of LEAVES, stem bark, and roots of mangrove species Avicennia marina was investigated. The mangrove samples were collected from the shores of Gwater BAY in the southeast of Sistan and Baluchestan province. Phytochemical analysis showed that all the tested compounds were present in the extract of mangrove LEAVES, except alkaloids. While in the stem bark extract, only phenolic compounds, flavonoids and tannins were observed and alkaloids and steroids were not detected. Alkaloids, phenols and flavonoids were discovered in the root extract. The assessment of the antioxidant properties showed that among different parts of mangroves, the highest amount of phenol (6.28 mg gallic acid/ g extract), free radical scavenging (59.18 %) and iron ion reduction power (absorbance at 700 nm: 0.37) was found in the LEAVES extract. Contrary to these two indicators, the highest amount of iron chelating activity (absorbance at 562 nm: 0.84) was found in mangrove root extract. The results of this research showed that different parts of the mangrove plant, especially its LEAVES, can be considered as a potential source of natural antioxidants.

Development of modern energies is one of the most important issues that all countries have focused on and have tried to find a new model in that respect. One of the greatest energy-resources in the world is oceans and tidal currents are one of the specific indicators of oceanic current.The movement of oceans waters caused by tidal current has a great deal of energy. On the other hand, development of new energies causes to search new plan in all countries. In this study, the potential energy obtained from daily, monthly and eventually annually average of 18-years (1990-2007) tidal range difference data in the Chabahar station. The average of tidal range was 2.09 m. The average energy estimated to be 5.5 w/m2 and the average power estimated to be 0.44 w/m2. According to the obtained results, producible energy of tidal currents in Chabahar is very low and it has no economic importance.

Gorgan BAY (GB) is a semi-enclosed basin located southeast of the Caspian Sea (CS), Iran. The BAY was registered as a biosphere reserve in 1976 and had an international focus on conservation. GB severely suffers from low water quality and water level. A hydrodynamic model was used to determine its general circulation, differences in temperature, water elevation, and current speed. This investigation includes the study of current vectors' profiles and analyzing the effects of rivers and air pressure in the circulation of this water body. The average current speed was determined to be 0.1 m/s through the BAY. The lowest and highest temperatures were investigated and were -0.53°C and +36.57°C, respectively. The general circulation is mostly counter-clockwise. Water elevation and temperature inside GB always follow a seasonal sinusoidal pattern. This paper neglects the effects of rivers on GB hydrodynamics due to their insignificance discharge. Also, the air pressure has a profound effect on the water level. Current vectors showed that while current speed inside this water body has decreased in the past decade, the temperature increased by almost 7°C.

BAY LEAVES (BL) (Laurus nobilis, Family: Lauraceae) are traditionally used orally to treat the symptoms of gastrointestinal problems, such as epigastric bloating, impaired digestion, eructation, and flatulence. In this study, lyophilized extracts (both water and ethanol) of BL were studied for their antioxidant properties. The antioxidant activity, reducing power, free radical scavenging, superoxide anion radical scavenging, hydrogen peroxide scavenging and metal chelating activities were evaluated to determine the total antioxidant capacity of both BL extracts. Both extracts exhibited strong total antioxidant activity in linoleic acid emulsion. Concentrations of 20, 40, and 60 μg ml-1 showed 84.9, 95.7, 96.8, and 94.2, 97.7, and 98.6% inhibition of lipid peroxidation of linoleic acid emulsion, for water and ethanol extracts, respectively. On the other hand, 60 μg ml-1 of the standard antioxidants butylated hydroxyianisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), and α-tocopherol exhibited 96.6, 99.1, and 76.9% inhibition of lipid peroxidation in linoleic acid emulsion, respectively. In addition, the both BL extracts had effective reducing power, DPPH· free radical scavenging, superoxide anion radical scavenging, hydrogen peroxide scavenging and metal chelating activities at 20, 40, and 60 μg ml-1. The total amount of phenolic compounds in each BL extract was determined as gallic acid equivalents.      

Extreme coastal inundation associated with the 2004 Indian Ocean and 1945 Makran tsunamigenic– earthquakes highlight the risk of tsunamis to coastlines of the northern Oman Sea. Foraminifera have been used as indicators of paleotsunamis in the past where allochthonous tests, found in low– energy environments such as in coastal lagoons, ponds, and marshes, indicate marine overwash. In this study, we constrain the modern distributions of foraminifera from coastal Iran so that they may be used to identify and interpret (e. g. assess provenance) paleotsunami deposits in the geologic record. We collected surface sediment samples from sixteen sites within the study area from Chabahar to Gawater BAYs on the Makran coast of Iran, selecting locations impacted by the 1945 Makran tsunami. Foraminifera obtained from these locations are dominated by supratidal, intertidal, and subtidal species, with minor abundances of planktic taxa. Samples collected from study locations are characterized by abundances of iron– stained and heavily corroded (e. g. edge rounded and pitted) individuals. Cluster analysis was used to determine three foraminiferal assemblages within the Makran coastal zone: subtidal, intertidal and supratidal. Characterizing modern distributions of foraminifera along the Makran coast of Iran will aid in identifying the provenance of older overwash deposits previously identified in this region.